Articles

author	titel	year	keywords	abstract	link/ source
Barnett, Tony &  Alan Whiteside	HIV/AIDS and Development: Case Studies and a Conceptual Framework	1999	United Kingdom, Botswana, Uganda, India,  Ukraine, Impact Susceptibility, Vulnerability, Socio-economic Development	jump	European Journal of Development Research 11 (2): 200-234 ( payment required)
Cain, D.	Language Use and Sexual Communication Among Xhosa Speakers in Cape Town, South Africa	2007	language; communication; sexuality; xhosa; south africa	jump	University of Wisconsin
Cook, Nicolas	CRS Report for Congress: AIDS in Africa	2006	africa, donors, U.S. impact , prevention	jump	CRS Report for Congress
Denis, Philippe and Charles Becker	The HIV-AIDS Epidemic in Sub-Saharan Africa in a Historical Perspective	2006	history, adfrica, socio-historical	no abstract	Agence Universitaire de la Francophonie
Deutscher Bundestag	Enquete-Kommission  'Gefahren von AIDS und wirksame Wege ihrer Eindämmung' Abschlussbericht	1993	Enquete-Kommission , Deutschland, Forschung	no abstract	Bundestag
Dodson, B. & J. Crush	Deadly links between mobility and HIV/AIDS	2006	AIDS, Southern Africa, South Africa, migration	jump	Published by the Southern African Migration Project
Dorrington, Rob & David Bourne	Has HIV prevelance peaked in South Africa? - Can the report on the latest antenatal survey be trusted to answer this question?	2008	South Africa, HIV, prevalence	no abstract	October 2008, Vol. 98, No. 10 SAMJ
Heald, Suzette	AIDS und Ethnologie in Afrika	2004	HIV/AIDS-Politik,  Ethnologie, ethnologische Forschung,	jump	Peripherie Zeitschrift für Politik und ökonomie in der Dritten Welt
Medical Research Council and Department of Health (South Africa)	South Africa Demographic and Health Survey	1999	South Africa ,  health survey	jump	Medical Research Council
Myer, Landon; Rodney I. Ehrlich1 and Ezra S. Susser	Social Epidemiology in South Africa	2003	south africa, social history,public health, social epidemiology	jump	Epidemiol Rev;26:112-123
Nguyen, Vinh-Kim; Katherine Stovel	The Social Science of HIV/AIDS: a Critical Review and Priotities for Action	2004	social science, review, assessment, research	jump	Prepared by the Social Science Research Council Working Group on HIV/AIDS
Poundstone, K. E.; S. A. Strathdee and D. D. Celentano	Social Epidemiology of Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome	2004	social epidemiology, paradigma, ecosocial approach	jump	Epidemiol Rev 2004;26:22-35 © 2004 by the Oxford University Press
Tietze,Sarah	Die AIDS-Pandemiein Sub-Sahara-Afrika	2006	Ursache, Auswirkungen, H Sub-Sahara, Afrika	jump	BpB - Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte (APuZ 32-33/2006)
Whelan, Daniel	Gender and HIV/AIDS: Taking stock of research and programmes	1999	vulnerability; gender; risk, prevention	jump	UNAIDS

Abstracts

article	abstract
Barnett, Tony &  Alan Whiteside (back)	This paper presents outline accounts of some social and economic features of the HIV/AIDS epidemics in five countries: the United Kingdom, Botswana, Uganda, India and Ukraine. It suggests that: certain key features of society and economy are major determinants of the degree to which epidemics become generalised to whole populations; these features can be conceptualised in ways that will assist in more effective targeting of preventive interventions and measures to confront the medium- and long-term impacts of raised morbidity and mortality associated with the occurrence of generalised HIV/AIDS epidemics.
Cain, D.  (back)	Communication strategies and culture are fundamental components to HIV / AIDS prevention. It is important to explore how basic levels of sexual communication playa role in how well HIV prevention interventions are received and how effective individuals can communicate learned information to others. The purpose of this project was to conduct formative research with Xhosa speaking men and women to determine how language use is affected by an individual's level of politeness and need to protect one's face during sexual communication. Interviews were conducted with 17 men and 15 women in a township in Cape Town, South Africa. Participants were asked to free-list words that are used to des·cribe sexual anatomy and sexual acts. Using ethnographic research methods, terms were pile sorted to obtain consensus for denotative and connotative meanings and consensus for which words people felt free to use or not use. A politeness scale was also obtained through triadic comparisons. Participants were also presented with different scenarios in which they may have to discuss a sexual matter, such as condom use, to examine how language choice and communication changes depending on whom you address. Results showed that tern1S deemed to be the most polite were euphemisms, followed by English terms. Xhosa terms that directly name sexual anatomy were considered to be the most vulgar. To avoid disrespecting their culture, Xhosa speakers in Cape Town felt more comfortable to communicate about sex using euphemistic Xhosa language and English instead of direct Xhosa terminology.
Cook, Nicolas (back)	U.S. concern over AIDS in Africa grew in the 1980s, as the epidemic’s severity became apparent. Legislation enacted in the 106th and the 107th Congresses increased funding for worldwide AIDS programs. P.L. 108-25, signed into law on May 27, 2003, authorized $15 billion over five years for international AIDS programs. President Bush announced his Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) in his 2003 State of the Union message. Twelve of 15 PEPFAR “focus countries” are in Africa. Under the FY2007 budget request, the 12 countries would receive a 61% boost in AIDS-related aid, to $1.99 billion, under the State Department’s Global HIV/AIDS Initiative account. Nonetheless, activists and others urge that more be done, given the scale of the African pandemic. This CRS report replaces CRS Issue Brief IB10050, AIDS in Africa, by Nicolas Cook. It will be updated as circumstances warrant
Dodson, B. & J. Crush (back)	This newsletter examines the links between migration and HIV in Southern Africa
Heald, Suzette (back)	Dieser Artikel behandelt das Thema der relativen Abwesenheit von Ethnologen bei der Formulierung der HIV/AIDS-Politik und -Forschung in Afrika. Zuerst betrachtet er in historischer Perspektive die Entwicklung der wichtigsten politischen Planungsgremien in den USA, um sich dann dem rezenteren Aufbau von UNAIDS und dessen dominierender Rolle bei der Formulierung der Agenda für Afrika zu widmen. Danach werden die Implikationen für die ethnologische Forschung untersucht, um die Gründe für das Zögern bezüglich einer Beteiligung an der AIDS-Forschung zu erhellen, das innerhalb des Faches zu bemerken ist. Schließlich wendet sich der Artikel spezifischem Fallstudien-Material zu und untersucht Strategien der AIDS-Erziehung in Botswana, um zu illustrieren, welche potenziellen Einsichten die Ethnologie zur Erklärung von Erfolg oder Misserfolg solcher Kampagnen liefern kann. Er betont die Wichtigkeit der kulturellen Konstruktionen der Krankheit und zeigt, in welcher Weise die westliche AIDS-Botschaft durch die lokalen Bevölkerungen nicht als neutrales wissenschaftliches „Faktum“, sondern als Aspekt von politischer und ideologischer Herrschaft interpretiert wird. Umgekehrt wirft diese Diskussion das Problem der Koexistenz verschiedener Glaubenssysteme – speziell im Bereich der Medizin –, ihrer Beziehungen untereinander und der sozialen Kontexte auf, in denen westliche Botschaften als antagonistisch statt komplementär bekämpft werden.
Medical Research Council and Department of Health (South Africa) (back)	The 1998 South African Demographic and Health Survey (SADHS) is the first survey of its kind to be carried out in South Africa since the 1994 democratic national elections. The 1998 SADHS collected information on adult health conditions; sexual, reproductive and women’s health; maternal and child health; adult, maternal, child and infant mortality; fertility and contraceptive use. Preparations for the study started in 1995 and the fieldwork was carried out between late January and September 1998. This report presents preliminary findings from the 1998 SADHS. It provides the results for key maternal and child health indicators including medical care for mothers during pregnancy and at the time of delivery, infant feeding practices, child immunisation coverage and the prevalence and treatment of diarrhoeal disease among children. It also provides information on women’s status, fertility levels, contraceptive knowledge and use and adult health conditions. More detailed results will be presented inthe final report which will be published towards the end of 1999.
Myer, Landon; Rodney I. Ehrlich1 and Ezra S. Susser (back)	In this paper, we review the history, present state, and future of social epidemiology in South Africa. In “developing” nations such as South Africa, social epidemiology is cast in a new light owing to these countries’ distinctive political, economic, and social histories. South Africa is still grappling with the public health legacy of the colonial and apartheid eras while contending with new public health threats that are linked to a changing global economy, as well as the devastating human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/ acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic....
Nguyen, Vinh-Kim; Katherine Stovel (back)	The attached analytic review seeks to identify major knowledge gaps and priority areas for social scientific research on the consequences and impacts of the global AIDS pandemic. We critically survey the statue of current research and consider the pressing challenges that future academic and policy-oriented investigations will need to address. Although our focus is on severely affected African countries, we believe the findings hold true for research in other regions as well. Admittedly, the review does not cover the full range of written products from conferences, books, and organizations outside of peer-reviewed journals that have made notable contributions to our understanding of the causes and consequences of HIV and AIDS. Rather, we focus on a core subset of the scholarly literature that we believe is representative of the content and orientation of dominant research trends. In so doing, we hope to contribute to a provocative and iterative dialogue among leading-edge researchers seeking to identify the most urgent research challenges that interdisciplinary work addressing the social transformations associated with AIDS must tackle....
Poundstone, K. E.; S. A. Strathdee and D. D. Celentano (back)	Social epidemiology is defined as the study of the distribution of health outcomes and their social determinants (1). It builds on the classic epidemiologic triangle of host, agent, and environment to focus explicitly on the role of social determinants in infectious disease transmission and progression. These determinants are the “features of and pathways by which societal conditions affect health” (2, p. 697). Early studies of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) focused on individual characteristics and behaviors in determining HIV risk, an approach that Fee and Krieger (3) refer to as “biomedical individualism.” Biomedical individualism is the basis of risk factor epidemiology; by contrast, the social epidemiology perspective emphasizes social conditions as fundamental causes of disease (4) (table 1). Social epidemiologists examine how persons become exposed to risk or protective factors and under what social conditions individual risk factors are related to disease. Social factors are thus the focus of analysis and are not simply adjusted for as potentially confounding factors or used as proxies for unavailable individual-level data. Social factors are indeed critical to understanding nonuniform infectious disease patterns that emerge as a result of the dependent nature of disease transmission or the idea that an outcome in one person is dependent upon outcomes and exposures in others (5, 6).....
Tietze,Sarah (back)	Der afrikanische Kontinent trägt die Hauptlast der weltweiten AIDS-Epidemie. In Afrika leben zehn Prozent der Weltbevölkerung, aber mehr als 60 Prozent aller HIV-Infizierten.Zudem breitete sich die Seuche in den unterentwickelten Staaten Sub-Sahara-Afrikas sehr schnell aus. Während die Zahl der Infizierten 1989 noch bei fünf Millionen lag, stieg die Anzahl bis 2006 auf ca. 26 Millionen an.Nur in drei Ländern - Kenia, Uganda und Simbabwe - lässt sich ein Rückgang bei der nationalen Prävalenz, also dem prozentualen Anteil der HIV-Infizierten an der Gesamtbevölkerung, feststellen.
Whelan, Daniel (back)	Individual risk of HIV/AIDS is influenced by cognitive, attitudinal and behavioural factors - what people know and how they understand it, what people feel about situations and about others, and what people do. Societal vulnerability to HIV/AIDS stems from sociocultural, economic and political factors that limit individuals’ options to reduce their risk. In most societies, gender determines how and what men and women are expected to know about sexual matters and sexual behaviour. As a result, girls and women are often poorly informed about reproduction and sex, while men are often expected to know much more.... Only a limited number of programmes have so far addressed gender and societal vulnerability but the number is growing. There have been targeted interventions, for instance, aimed at reducing the vulnerability of female sex workers by providing them with other incomegenerating skills and opportunities. Some programmes have aimed to improve women’s social and economic status, while others have aimed to develop education and services so that women can share knowledge, responsibility and decision-making about reproductive health and even help design health policies and projects. Yet other programmes have aimed to improve women’s access to economic resources, though not necessarily with the primary purpose of reducing the spread of HIV or alleviating the impact of AIDS. Many programmes around the world provide various kinds of care and support. Some of the most successful have adopted a gender-sensitive approach, recognizing the burdens women bear as a result of economic and social influences.