Articles

author	titel	year	keywords	abstract	link/ source
Ahlberg	Is there a distinct African Sexuality? A Critical Response to Caldwell et al.	1994	Caldwell, african sexuality, culture, africa, eurasian		Africa 64: 220-42.
Asiimwe;  Kibombo; Neema	Focus Group Discussion on Social Cultural Factors Impacting on HIV/AIDS in Uganda	2003	Uganda,culture, impact	jump	Ministry of Finance, Planing and Economic Development/UNDP
Awusabo-Asare, Kofi; John K. Anarfi	Routes to HIV transmission and intervention: an analytical framework	1999	proximate determinants model,	jump	Health Transition Centre, Australian National University
Booysen, Frederik le R. and Joy Summerton	Poverty, Risky Sexual Behaviour, and Vulnerability to HIV Infection: Evidence from South Africa	2002	Poverty; Sex behaviour; Reproductive health; ; South Africa	jump	Centre for Health and Population Research
Caldwell, J.	Rethinking the AIDS epidemic	2000	sexual culture,  Uganda, government policy	jump	Population and Developemnt Review, 26 no. 1 (Mar 00): 117–135.
Caldwell, Quiggib	The Social Context of AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa.	1989	culture, africa, sexual behaviour, eurasian, sexual network, Goody	jump	Population and Development Review, Vol. 15, Issue 2 (Jun), 185-234
Caldwell, John; Pat Caldwell, and Pat Quiggin	The African Sexual System: Reply to Le Blanc et.al.	1991	africa, behavior, anthropology, cultural, sex,Le  Blanc	jump	Population and Development Review, vol. 17, no. 3, September.  pp 506-515.
Caldwell, John C. and Pat Caldwel	The Fertility Transition in Sub-Saharan Africa	2002	fertility, africa	no abstract	hivan (word) SARPN (pdf)
Caldwell, John	The African AIDS Epidemic: Reflections on a Research Program	2002	africa, culture, sex,	jump	hivan
Davidson,  Julia O'Connell and Jacqueline Sanchez Taylor	Child Prostitution and Sex Tourism South Africa	1996	South Africa, child prostitution, sex tourism, commercial sex trade, survival sex	jump	ECPAT
Heald, Suzette	The Power of Sex: Reflections on the Caldwell’s ‘African Sexuality’ Thesis.	1999	Caldwell, sexuality, africa,	no abstract	In: Heald’s Manhood and Morality: Sex, Violence and Ritual in Gisu Society
Inungu, Joseph	Understanding the Scourge of HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa	2006	risk factors; sub-Saharan Africa; prevention activities; HAART; ESCAPER	jump	Medscape
Le Blanc, Marie-Nathalie; Deirdre Meintel, and Victor Pichė.	The African Sexual System: Comment on Caldwell et. al.	1991	caldwell, cultur, sexuality, africa	no abstract	population and development review, Vol 17, Issue 3, 497-505
Mufune, Pemelani	Social Scientific Antecedents of HIV/AIDS Policies in Africa	2004	social science,  culture,  explanation of AIDS patterns in Africa, cultural, dependency ,rational choice theory	no abstract	CODESRIA Conferences paper
Pettifor,A. E. ; Rees, H. V.;  A.; et al.	HIV and Sexual Behaviour Among Young South Africans: A National Survey of 15-24 Year Olds	2003	South Africa,  sexual behaviour	jump	Reproductive Health Service & Development Research Africa
Varga, C. A.	Sexual decision-making and negotiation in the midst of AIDS: youth in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa	1997	South Africa; Kwazulu-Natal; sexual decision-making, socio-cultural factor	jump	Health Transition Review, Supplement 3 to Volume 7, 1997, 45-67
Ylänkö, Maaria	Factors Affecting the HIV-Epidemic and its Differences in Sub-Saharan Africa - A Summary with Some Methodological Reflections	1996	transfusion, ritual instruments, circumcision, commercial sex, age difference,	jump	Nordic Journal of African Studies 5(2): 54-70

Abstracts

article	abstract / summary / extract
Asiimwe;  Kibombo; Neema (back)	The primary objective of the study was to establish the social and cultural factors that have impacted on HIV/AIDS in Uganda and, in particular, their role in enhancing behaviour  change. The study was two fold: First it sought to verify the “Cautious Shift” Model in terms of its relevance to the HIV/AIDS context in Uganda purposely to establish whether the model provided a viable theoretical framework for explaining HIV/AIDS interventions in Uganda. The second was an empirical study using data collection methods of Focus Group Discussions and Key Informant Interviews to establish the extent to which social cultural factors contribute to reduction in HIV/AIDS.
Awusabo-Asare, Kofi; John K. Anarfi (back)	This paper proposes a proximate determinants model as a framework for analysing routes to HIV infection and intervention. The model attempts to bring together the remote and the proximate factors responsible for risk-taking behaviour and subsequent infection. With HIV infection resulting from background and proximate factors, intervention strategies that are being designed should consider the multi-layered nature of the epidemic. For instance, in dealing with guest workers, it is necessary not only to promote condom use but also to address some of the factors which dispose the workers to patronize commercial sex workers, such as separation from partners. Asking married workers to bring their wives with them could eliminate some of the factors that contribute to sexual networking and possible exposure of such people to the risk of STD infection. In effect, the model will offer the opportunity for HIV/AIDS intervention programs to tackle both the causes and their manifestations.
Booysen, Frederik le R. and Joy Summerton (back)	This paper explores the relationship among poverty, risky sexual behaviour, and vulnerability to HIV infection, using data from the 1998 South African Demographic and Health Survey. Asset index was employed as proxy of socioeconomic status. Inequalities in health were measured using concentration index. Women in poorer households were slightly less knowledgeable about HIV/AIDS, while the socioeconomic inequalities in risky sexual behaviour were negligible. These small health gradients may reflect the limitations of population-based surveys in collection of information on sexual behaviour. The results may also mean that women in general are equally at risk of HIV infection, which means that more work is required to establish how factors other than knowledge on HIV/AIDS and socioeconomic status stand to enhance the vulnerability of women to HIV/AIDS.
Caldwell et al. 1989 (back)	no abstract, quote: “This essay will argue that there is a distinct and internally coherent African system embracing sexuality, marriage, and much else, and that it is no more right or wrong, progressive or unprogressive than the western system, or, to employ Jack Goody’s (1976) term, as we will, Eurasian society.” p. 187
Caldwell, J. (back)	Half the AIDS victims in the world are in East and Southern Africa where adult seroprevalence was 11.4 percent by the end of 1997 and reached over 25 percent in two countries of Southern Africa. HIV/AIDS infection is not the result of ignorance as nearly everyone has sufficient knowledge about AIDS and how it is transmitted. The high levels of AIDS arise from the failure of African political and religious leaders to recognize social and sexual reality. The means for containing and conquering the epidemic are already known, and could prove effective if the leadership could be induced to adopt them. The lack of individual behavioral change and of the implementation of effective government policy has roots in attitudes to death, and a silence about the epidemic arising from beliefs about its nature and the timing of death. International responsibility may have to be taken before the needed effective policies are put in place.
Caldwell, John; Pat Caldwell, and Pat Quiggin (back)	This Caldwell et al. response to the Le Blanc et al. criticism of methodological flaws and ethnographic omissions focuses on 4 issues: 1) the theoretical generalizations which Le Blanc considers to be deficient in evidence, 2) ethnographic omissions that distort, 3) methodological flaws, and 4) an interpretation of the debate.
Caldwell, John (back)	Sub-Saharan Africa has suffered the major impact of the AIDS epidemic, with almost 70 per cent of HIV-infected persons there and almost 80 per cent of AIDS deaths.  The primary source of infection has been heterosexual transmission.  In the absence of a vaccine, the only protection has been behavioural change.  A collaborative program between research teams of the Australian National University and three African universities spent 12 years investigating the social and behavioural context of the African epidemic with the aim of providing an understanding of the social dimension of the epidemic so that behavioural change might be accelerated.  This paper provides a history of the project’s activities and summarizes its findings.
Davidson,  Julia O'Connell and Jacqueline Sanchez Taylor (back)	This report, which is based on nine days and nights of fieldwork in Cape Town and Durban, is divided into three main sections. The first is concerned with the commercial sex trade, the second with varieties of 'survival sex' and the third with the identity, motivations and attitudes of child sex exploiters in South Africa. We will begin with a brief note on methodology.
Inungu, Joseph (back)	Sub-Saharan Africa is the part of the world that has been hit hardest by the HIV epidemic. To fight the spread of HIV in the continent, it is necessary to know and effectively address the factors that drive the spread of HIV. The purpose of this article is to review the factors associated with the spread of the HIV epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa and to propose 6 essential activities, which we refer to by the acronym “ESCAPER,” to help curb the spread of HIV/AIDS in Africa.
Pettifor,A. E. ; Rees, H. V.;  A.; et al.  (back)	loveLife is the largest youth focused intervention aimed at HIV prevention in South Africa. It is a national initiative of unprecedented scale combining a sustained multi-media awareness and education campaign with comprehensive youth-friendly sexual health services in public clinics nationwide, and countrywide outreach and support programmes. This joint initiative between government,  non-government organisations (NGOs) and academic institutions aims to reduce HIV, other sexually transmitted infections and unwanted pregnancy among South African youth.
Varga, C. A. (back)	This paper addresses issues surrounding sexual negotiation and decision-making among black South African youth in the face of AIDS. It explores choices made by young men and women regarding sexual activity and the extent to which it is influenced by HIV/AIDS. Communication between partners was poor, and young women appeared powerless to enforce their preferences in sexual situations. AIDS was not a significant factor in any aspect of sexual decision-making. Sociocultural factors and the state of the HIV pandemic in South Africa were offered as xplanations for the findings.
Ylänkö, Maaria (back)	Many assumptions have been proposed to explain why AIDS has swept across sub-Saharan Africa on an extraordinary scale. In comparison to the United States and Europe, where the epidemic first emerged among the homosexuals and intravenous drug users, in sub-Saharan Africa the HIV infection has been more equally common among males and females. This article concentrates on summarising possible factors which have made the epidemic exceptionally widespread in some regions. For instance, in East-Africa the regions of Rakai in Uganda and Kagera in Tanzania several surveys have found prevalences of 50-60% among the sexually active population (Prolongeau 1995; Auvert 1994). On the other hand, the epidemiological picture in West Africa is much more heterogeneous. The reasons for the differential spread of HI-viruses are not fully understood, but most likely they result from an interplay of biological, social and cultural determinants. The HIV epidemic is a challenge to multidisciplinarity. Nevertheless, specialisation on the domains of medicine, anthropology and demography leaves little space to realise the effect and importance of zooming the focus in the HIV epidemic: from microbes to a community and from a community to a population.